Improvement after a supplement is not the same as a comparative result
Start with the comparison. A before-and-after change alone cannot isolate the contribution of an ingredient.
Magnesium
Selected research topic
Glucose and metabolic health
Some measured outcomes improved in human comparison studies. Read these findings with their populations and conditions.
Some findings concern patients or people with a deficiency.
- Publications for this topic
- 9
- Human comparison publications
- 1
- Publications needing review
- 2
Findings in the studies
C-peptide
- A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient · 3 months
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: Magnesium vs no supplements
- Additional measurement information
- Primary outcome
- Measurement time
- 3 months
HBA1c
Human comparison research
- A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient · 3 months
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: Magnesium vs no supplements
- Additional measurement information
- Primary outcome
- Measurement time
- 3 months
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- An association was observed. This does not establish that the ingredient caused the change.Deficiency group · Single ingredient · three months
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Observational study
- Study population
- Human participants · Deficiency group
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Comparison unclear · Study comparison: within-group before/after oral magnesium oxide among hypomagnesemic patients; no comparator reported
- Additional measurement information
- Biomarker
- Measurement time
- three months
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Recorded population category: Patient group. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- Measurement time
- Not confirmed.
HOMA.IR
- A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient · 3 months
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: Magnesium vs no supplements
- Additional measurement information
- Primary outcome
- Measurement time
- 3 months
insulin levels
- A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient · 3 months
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: Magnesium vs no supplements
- Additional measurement information
- Primary outcome
- Measurement time
- 3 months
Other measured outcomes (4)
fasting plasma glucose
Research with unclear study subject or type
- The study reported improvement in this measurement.
What the comparison group used was not confirmed.
Single ingredientMeasurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Recorded population category: Patient group. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups.
- Measurement time
- Not confirmed.
Glycemic control
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Recorded population category: Patient group. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Study comparison: observational association between lower magnesium status and glycemic control; no magnesium suppleme
- Measurement time
- Not confirmed.
Risk of metabolic syndrome
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Study subject not identified
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- Measurement time
- Not confirmed.
T2D
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Recorded population category: General population. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
- Ingredients tested
- Unknown intervention
- How results were compared
- Study comparison: Prospective observational highest-versus-lowest magnesium intake association; supplementation was no
- Additional measurement information
- Secondary outcome
- Measurement time
- long-term prospective cohort follow-up
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Recorded population category: General population. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
- Ingredients tested
- Unknown intervention
- How results were compared
- Study comparison: Dose-response association per 100 mg/day higher dietary magnesium intake; observational, not a rando
- Measurement time
- Cohort follow-up ranged from 4 to 30 years.
This result is held for interpretation. That does not mean research found no effect.
Outcome groups needing additional review (1)
- HOMA.β% · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
One paper can appear under multiple measured outcomes or review reasons, so these counts should not be added together.
Representative outcome and study details
Human studies reported both between-group improvement and an association for HBA1c; while Studies with an unspecified organism reported a change with no confirmed comparison group in HBA1c.
These conditions come from related studies and may not describe a single paper.
Single-ingredient studies · Human studies · Includes patient groups and deficiency groups · between-group comparison · comparator not confirmed
3 publications linked to this result
- Study conditions differ; results are shown descriptively and are not pooled.
Data coverage and detailed study classifications
Paper counts are separated by research topic below. One paper may contribute to multiple findings.
Analysis status: Public-ready
Ingredient analysis date:
How the grade was determined: B
The 56.0 evidence score includes 0 independent human studies and 0 clinical studies in the representative benefit area. The B tier remains conservative because of limited repetition across independent human clinical studies, too few clinical findings with an explicit effect direction.
The grade is based mainly on the research area with the most evidence. It does not mean the same result was found in other areas.
Papers linked to this ingredient overall: 50
Papers linked to this topic 9 · distinct papers 9 · papers with a confirmed human comparison 1 · papers needing additional review 2
A publication may appear in more than one count. These numbers should not be added. Ingredient-wide papers, topic-linked papers, and sources in outcome groups use different scopes. Adding source counts may count the same paper more than once.
- C-peptide: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- fasting plasma glucose: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- Glycemic control: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- HBA1c: Sources represented in this measurement group: 3 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- HOMA.IR: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- HOMA.β%: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- insulin levels: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- Risk of metabolic syndrome: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- T2D: Sources represented in this measurement group: 2 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
What the research found
C-peptide
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HbA1C
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HOMA.IR
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin levels
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
fasting plasma glucose
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HBA1c
An association was observed. This does not establish that the ingredient caused the change.
Observational study · Single ingredient · Deficiency group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Glycemic control
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HbA1c
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Risk of metabolic syndrome
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
T2D
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · General population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
T2D
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · General population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HOMA.β%
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
How to read research findings
How should I read research findings?
Research guidesNo clear difference and an uninterpretable result are different
A reported null comparison contains a result. An abstract without an interpretable comparison leaves a question unresolved.
Paper counts and study counts are different
Count original research separately from research that reanalyzes it. Publication volume is neither replication nor a quality rating.
Side effects and combination findings
Findings from this ingredient alone are shown separately from those involving another supplement or medication.
No reviewed caution rules are available yet. Reported caution findings are shown below.
Review 5 combination findings and 0 findings that outperformed an ingredient alone.
Findings to review with care
Side effects reported for the ingredient alone are separated from findings involving another supplement or medication.
Side effects reported with this ingredient alone
Symptoms or adverse events reported in studies without another active ingredient.
diarrhea leading to study discontinuation (tolerability)1 papers
In the randomized trial, the magnesium oxide group had a higher dropout rate than control (27% vs 17%), primarily due to diarrhea.Human studies · Randomized controlled trialReported improvements with combinations
Combination findings are grouped by how the study compared them. This is not a recommendation to combine ingredients.
Combinations with reported improvement
The combination showed improvement, but each ingredient's contribution is unclear.
비타민 B6In subjects with severe/extremely severe stress, the combination of magnesium and vitamin B6 resulted in a 24% greater improvement compared to magnesium alone (p=0.0203).
비타민 DCo-supplementation with Vitamin D and Magnesium resulted in significant improvements in behavioral function and mental health scores compared to placebo.
MelatoninCombined melatonin and magnesium supplementation was more effective in improving serum levels of insulin compared to baseline.
CholineCo-supplementation of choline and magnesium was more effective in improving inflammation and endothelial dysfunction than either alone.
아연Co-supplementation with magnesium oxide and zinc sulfate resulted in significant improvements in glycemic control, lipid profiles, and inflammatory markers compared to placebo.