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Chromium

Selected research topic

Glucose and metabolic health

Findings differ across measurements or study conditions. The results below keep them separate.

Findings from a combination study cannot be attributed to this ingredient alone.

Some findings concern patients or people with a deficiency.

Publications for this topic
45
Human comparison publications
13
Publications needing review
26

Findings in the studies

  • Body weight

    Human comparison research
    • A better result than the comparison group was reported.

      What the comparison group used was not confirmed.

      Patient group · Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
      Study population
      Human participants · Patient group
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Results were compared between groups.
      Measurement time
      Not confirmed.
    • No clear difference from the comparison group was found.

      What the comparison group used was not confirmed.

      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
      Study population
      Human participants · Participant characteristics were not confirmed.
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Results were compared between groups.
      Measurement time
      Not confirmed.
    Research with unclear study subject or type
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Meta-analysis
      Study population
      Study subject not identified
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Study comparison: Chromium picolinate versus placebo in ten randomized double-blind trials; pooled effect was sensitiv
      Additional measurement information
      Primary outcome
      Measurement time
      Not confirmed.
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Systematic review
      Study population
      Recorded population category: Patient group. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Study comparison: systematic review across heterogeneous clinical trials; no pooled estimate in abstract
      Measurement time
      Not confirmed.

  • glucose tolerance

    • A better result than the comparison group was reported.

      What the comparison group used was not confirmed.

      Patient group · Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
      Study population
      Human participants · Patient group
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Results were compared between groups.
      Measurement time
      Not confirmed.

  • glucoseAUC

    • Results were mixed for this outcome.
      Patient group · Single ingredient · Six months
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
      Study population
      Human participants · Patient group
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: Moderate-dose CrPic versus high-dose CrPic and placebo
      Additional measurement information
      Primary outcome
      Measurement time
      Six months

  • HbA1c

    • A better result than the comparison group was reported.

      What the comparison group used was not confirmed.

      Patient group · Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
      Study population
      Human participants · Patient group
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Results were compared between groups.
      Measurement time
      Not confirmed.
Other measured outcomes (12)

  • HOMA

    • A better result than the comparison group was reported.
      Patient group · Single ingredient · six weeks
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
      Study population
      Human participants · Patient group
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: chromium chloride vs placebo, both with lifestyle modification
      Additional measurement information
      Secondary outcome
      Measurement time
      six weeks

  • incremental area under the curve (AUC) for capillary glucose

    • Results were mixed for this outcome.
      General population · Single ingredient · Postprandial after test meals
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
      Study population
      Human participants · General population
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: Chromium picolinate meal versus white-bread placebo meal.
      Additional measurement information
      Secondary outcome
      Measurement time
      Postprandial after test meals

  • insulin action

    • Results were mixed for this outcome.
      Patient group · Single ingredient · study period unspecified
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
      Study population
      Human participants · Patient group
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: chromium versus placebo; response varied by baseline phenotype
      Additional measurement information
      Primary outcome
      Measurement time
      study period unspecified

  • Insulin Resistance

    • A better result than the comparison group was reported.

      Several ingredients were tested together, so this ingredient’s individual effect is unknown.

      What the comparison group used was not confirmed.

      Patient group · Combination study
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
      Study population
      Human participants · Patient group
      Ingredients tested
      Ingredient combination
      How results were compared
      Results were compared between groups.
      Measurement time
      Not confirmed.

  • Insulin sensitivity

    • No clear difference from the comparison group was found.

      What the comparison group used was not confirmed.

      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
      Study population
      Human participants · Participant characteristics were not confirmed.
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Results were compared between groups.
      Measurement time
      Not confirmed.

  • QUICKI

    • A better result than the comparison group was reported.
      Patient group · Single ingredient · six weeks
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
      Study population
      Human participants · Patient group
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: chromium chloride vs placebo, both with lifestyle modification
      Additional measurement information
      Secondary outcome
      Measurement time
      six weeks

  • Serum insulin

    • A better result than the comparison group was reported.

      What the comparison group used was not confirmed.

      Patient group · Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
      Study population
      Human participants · Patient group
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Results were compared between groups.
      Measurement time
      Not confirmed.

  • venous blood glucose iAUC0-120min

    • A better result than the comparison group was reported.

      Several ingredients were tested together, so this ingredient’s individual effect is unknown.

      General population · Combination study · 0–120 minutes postprandial
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
      Study population
      Human participants · General population
      Ingredients tested
      Ingredient combination
      How results were compared
      Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: Combination supplement drink vs placebo
      Additional measurement information
      Primary outcome
      Measurement time
      0–120 minutes postprandial

  • Acute insulin response to glucose

    Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Patient group · Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
      Study population
      Human participants · Patient group
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      Measurement time
      Not confirmed.

  • FPG

    Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
    • A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.

      Several ingredients were tested together, so this ingredient’s individual effect is unknown.

      Patient group · Combination study · 3 months
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
      Study population
      Human participants · Patient group
      Ingredients tested
      Ingredient combination
      How results were compared
      Changes within the same group were compared. · Within-group comparison
      Additional measurement information
      Secondary outcome
      Measurement time
      3 months
    • A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.
      Patient group · Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Clinical trial
      Study population
      Human participants · Patient group
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Changes within the same group were compared. · Study comparison: within-person changes across chromium dose periods and washout; no control group
      Measurement time
      after first 2-week supplementation period

  • blood glucose

    Research with unclear study subject or type
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Systematic review
      Study population
      Recorded population category: Patient group. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Study comparison: systematic review across heterogeneous clinical trials; no pooled estimate in abstract
      Measurement time
      Not confirmed.

  • Hb A(1c)

    Research with unclear study subject or type
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Meta-analysis
      Study population
      Recorded population category: Patient group. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Study comparison: not reported for the single diabetes study reporting a significant HbA1c decrease
      Additional measurement information
      Primary outcome
      Measurement time
      Not confirmed.

This result is held for interpretation. That does not mean research found no effect.

Outcome groups needing additional review (9)
  • adiposity index · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
  • BG · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
  • fasting blood glucose level · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
  • FBS · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
  • glycemic status · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
  • HbA(1)C values · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
  • HOMA-IR · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
  • phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
  • total area under the curve for glucose · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1

One paper can appear under multiple measured outcomes or review reasons, so these counts should not be added together.

Representative outcome and study details

Partial research summary

Human studies reported both between-group improvement and no clear between-group difference for Body weight; while Studies with an unspecified organism reported a change with no confirmed comparison group in Body weight.

These conditions come from related studies and may not describe a single paper.

Single-ingredient studies · Human studies · Includes patient groups · Population not specified · between-group comparison · comparator not confirmed

5 publications linked to this result (1 awaiting review included)

  • Study conditions differ; results are shown descriptively and are not pooled.
  • Some publications have not cleared source or interpretation review.
  • Some papers could not be reviewed, so this summary covers only findings that could be confirmed.
Data coverage and detailed study classifications

Paper counts are separated by research topic below. One paper may contribute to multiple findings.

Analysis status: Public-ready

Ingredient analysis date:

How the grade was determined: B

The 63.0 evidence score includes 0 independent human studies and 0 clinical studies in the representative benefit area. The B tier remains conservative because of limited repetition across independent human clinical studies, too few clinical findings with an explicit effect direction.

The grade is based mainly on the research area with the most evidence. It does not mean the same result was found in other areas.

Papers linked to this ingredient overall: 86

Papers linked to this topic 45 · distinct papers 45 · papers with a confirmed human comparison 13 · papers needing additional review 26

A publication may appear in more than one count. These numbers should not be added. Ingredient-wide papers, topic-linked papers, and sources in outcome groups use different scopes. Adding source counts may count the same paper more than once.

  • Acute insulin response to glucose: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • adiposity index: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • BG: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • blood glucose: Sources represented in this measurement group: 2 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • Body weight: Sources represented in this measurement group: 5 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 2
  • fasting blood glucose level: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • FBS: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • FPG: Sources represented in this measurement group: 3 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • glucose tolerance: Sources represented in this measurement group: 3 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
  • glucoseAUC: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
  • glycemic status: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • Hb A(1c): Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • HbA(1)C values: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • HbA1c: Sources represented in this measurement group: 3 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 2
  • HOMA: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
  • HOMA-IR: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • incremental area under the curve (AUC) for capillary glucose: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
  • insulin action: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
  • Insulin Resistance: Sources represented in this measurement group: 4 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
  • Insulin sensitivity: Sources represented in this measurement group: 2 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
  • phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • QUICKI: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
  • Serum insulin: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
  • total area under the curve for glucose: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • venous blood glucose iAUC0-120min: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1

What the research found

Body weight

No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

glucoseAUC

Results for this measurement were mixed; no consistent conclusion can be drawn.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

incremental area under the curve (AUC) for capillary glucose

Results for this measurement were mixed; no consistent conclusion can be drawn.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · General population

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

insulin action

Results for this measurement were mixed; no consistent conclusion can be drawn.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Insulin sensitivity

No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

body weight

The study reported improvement in this measurement.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

2 papers · 2 measured outcomes

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

FPG

A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Within-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

glucose tolerance

The study reported improvement in this measurement.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

HbA1c

The study reported improvement in this measurement.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

2 papers · 2 measured outcomes

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

HOMA

The study reported improvement in this measurement.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Insulin resistance

The study reported improvement in this measurement.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

QUICKI

The study reported improvement in this measurement.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Serum insulin

The study reported improvement in this measurement.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

venous blood glucose iAUC0-120min

The study reported improvement in this measurement.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · General population

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

FPG

A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.

Other evidence · Single ingredient · Patient group

Within-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Acute insulin response to glucose

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

blood glucose

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Review · Single ingredient · Patient group

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

body weight

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Unspecified population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

body weight

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Review · Single ingredient · Patient group

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Hb A(1c)

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

adiposity index

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Animal study · indirect · Ingredient combination · Patient group

This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

BG

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · General population

This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

blood glucose

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Animal study · indirect · Ingredient combination · Patient group

This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

fasting blood glucose level

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Separable contribution · Patient group

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

FBS

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group

Within-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

FPG

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

glucose tolerance

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Animal study · indirect · Ingredient combination · Patient group

This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

glucose tolerance

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group

This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

glycemic status

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group

This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

HbA(1)C values

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Separable contribution · Patient group

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

HbA1c

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

HOMA-IR

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Animal study · indirect · Ingredient combination · General population

This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

insulin resistance

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Animal study · indirect · Ingredient combination · Patient group

This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

insulin resistance

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Within-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Insulin Resistance

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Review · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

insulin sensitivity

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · General population

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

total area under the curve for glucose

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Unspecified measured outcome

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Unspecified population

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Unspecified measured outcome

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Separable contribution · Patient group

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Unspecified measured outcome

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group

This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Unspecified measured outcome

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

2 papers · 2 measured outcomes

2 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Unspecified measured outcome

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Unspecified measured outcome

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Other evidence · Single ingredient · Patient group

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Unspecified measured outcome

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled human study · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

4 papers · 4 measured outcomes

4 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

How to read research findings

How should I read research findings?

Research guides

Side effects and combination findings

Findings from this ingredient alone are shown separately from those involving another supplement or medication.

No reviewed caution rules are available yet. Reported caution findings are shown below.

Findings to review with care

Side effects reported for the ingredient alone are separated from findings involving another supplement or medication.

Side effects reported with this ingredient alone

Symptoms or adverse events reported in studies without another active ingredient.

DNA damage1 papers
In db/db mice, chromium‑picolinate at clinically relevant doses caused variable DNA damage and altered expression of SOD‑1 and P53, suggesting potential renal toxicity.Animal studies · Animal study