Improvement after a supplement is not the same as a comparative result
Start with the comparison. A before-and-after change alone cannot isolate the contribution of an ingredient.
Probiotics
Selected research topic
Glucose and metabolic health
Findings differ across measurements or study conditions. The results below keep them separate.
Findings from a combination study cannot be attributed to this ingredient alone.
Some findings concern patients or people with a deficiency.
- Publications for this topic
- 9
- Human comparison publications
- 4
- Publications needing review
- 3
Findings in the studies
Body weight
- No clear difference from the comparison group was found.
Several ingredients were tested together, so this ingredient’s individual effect is unknown.
What the comparison group used was not confirmed.
Patient group · Combination studyMeasurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Ingredient combination
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups.
- Measurement time
- Not confirmed.
fasting plasma glucose
- A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · 12 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Unknown intervention
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: probiotic supplements vs placebo
- Additional measurement information
- Secondary outcome
- Measurement time
- 12 weeks
glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels
- A better result than the comparison group was reported.
Several ingredients were tested together, so this ingredient’s individual effect is unknown.
Patient group · Combination study · six monthsMeasurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Ingredient combination
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: Multi-strain Vivomixx probiotic formula vs placebo
- Additional measurement information
- Secondary outcome
- Measurement time
- six months
HbA1c
- A better result than the comparison group was reported.
Several ingredients were tested together, so this ingredient’s individual effect is unknown.
What the comparison group used was not confirmed.
Patient group · Combination studyMeasurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Ingredient combination
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups.
- Measurement time
- Not confirmed.
Other measured outcomes (8)
HOMA-IR
Human comparison research
- A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · 12 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Unknown intervention
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: probiotic supplements vs placebo
- Additional measurement information
- Primary outcome
- Measurement time
- 12 weeks
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Recorded population category: Patient group. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
- Ingredients tested
- Unknown intervention
- How results were compared
- Study comparison: Pooled results across seven probiotic trials in patients with diabetic nephropathy; abstract does no
- Additional measurement information
- Biomarker
- Measurement time
- Unspecified across included trials
quantitative insulin sensitivity check index
- A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · 12 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Unknown intervention
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: probiotic supplements vs placebo
- Additional measurement information
- Secondary outcome
- Measurement time
- 12 weeks
serum insulin concentrations
- A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · 12 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Unknown intervention
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: probiotic supplements vs placebo
- Additional measurement information
- Secondary outcome
- Measurement time
- 12 weeks
fasting serum insulin
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.varied across trials
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Recorded population category: Patient group. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
- Ingredients tested
- Unknown intervention
- How results were compared
- Study comparison: negative association reported for probiotic supplementation in GDM trials; comparator details not sp
- Additional measurement information
- Biomarker
- Measurement time
- varied across trials
FPG
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Recorded population category: Patient group. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
- Ingredients tested
- Unknown intervention
- How results were compared
- Study comparison: Pooled results across seven probiotic trials in patients with diabetic nephropathy; abstract does no
- Additional measurement information
- Biomarker
- Measurement time
- Unspecified across included trials
Hemoglobin A1C
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Recorded population category: Patient group. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
- Ingredients tested
- Unknown intervention
- How results were compared
- Study comparison: Pooled results across seven probiotic trials in patients with diabetic nephropathy; abstract does no
- Additional measurement information
- Biomarker
- Measurement time
- Unspecified across included trials
Insulin
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Recorded population category: Patient group. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
- Ingredients tested
- Unknown intervention
- How results were compared
- Study comparison: Pooled results across seven probiotic trials in patients with diabetic nephropathy; abstract does no
- Additional measurement information
- Biomarker
- Measurement time
- Unspecified across included trials
QUICKI
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Recorded population category: Patient group. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
- Ingredients tested
- Unknown intervention
- How results were compared
- Study comparison: Pooled results across seven probiotic trials in patients with diabetic nephropathy; abstract does no
- Additional measurement information
- Biomarker
- Measurement time
- Unspecified across included trials
Representative outcome and study details
Partial research summary
Human studies reported no clear between-group difference in Body weight.
These conditions come from related studies and may not describe a single paper.
combination-ingredient studies · Individual ingredient effects cannot be separated · Human studies · Includes patient groups · between-group comparison · comparator not confirmed
2 publications linked to this result (1 awaiting review included)
- Study conditions differ; results are shown descriptively and are not pooled.
- Combination, formula, or class studies do not isolate this ingredient or establish synergy.
- Some publications have not cleared source or interpretation review.
- Some papers could not be reviewed, so this summary covers only findings that could be confirmed.
Data coverage and detailed study classifications
Paper counts are separated by research topic below. One paper may contribute to multiple findings.
Analysis status: Public-ready
Ingredient analysis date:
How the grade was determined: B
The 60.0 evidence score includes 1 independent human studies and 1 clinical studies in the representative benefit area. The B tier remains conservative because of limited repetition across independent human clinical studies, too few clinical findings with an explicit effect direction.
The grade is based mainly on the research area with the most evidence. It does not mean the same result was found in other areas.
Papers linked to this ingredient overall: 110
Papers linked to this topic 9 · distinct papers 9 · papers with a confirmed human comparison 4 · papers needing additional review 3
A publication may appear in more than one count. These numbers should not be added. Ingredient-wide papers, topic-linked papers, and sources in outcome groups use different scopes. Adding source counts may count the same paper more than once.
- Body weight: Sources represented in this measurement group: 2 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- fasting plasma glucose: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- fasting serum insulin: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- FPG: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- HbA1c: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- Hemoglobin A1C: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- HOMA-IR: Sources represented in this measurement group: 2 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- Insulin: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- QUICKI: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- serum insulin concentrations: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
What the research found
Body weight
No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
fasting plasma glucose
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HbA1c
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HOMA-IR
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
quantitative insulin sensitivity check index
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
serum insulin concentrations
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
fasting serum insulin
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
FPG
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Hemoglobin A1C
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HOMA-IR
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Insulin
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
QUICKI
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Body weight
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Ingredient combination · Unspecified population
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
How to read research findings
How should I read research findings?
Research guidesNo clear difference and an uninterpretable result are different
A reported null comparison contains a result. An abstract without an interpretable comparison leaves a question unresolved.
Paper counts and study counts are different
Count original research separately from research that reanalyzes it. Publication volume is neither replication nor a quality rating.
Side effects and combination findings
Findings from this ingredient alone are shown separately from those involving another supplement or medication.
No reviewed caution rules are available yet. Reported caution findings are shown below.
Review 1 combination findings and 0 findings that outperformed an ingredient alone.
Findings to review with care
Side effects reported for the ingredient alone are separated from findings involving another supplement or medication.
Side effects reported with this ingredient alone
Symptoms or adverse events reported in studies without another active ingredient.
side effect incidence1 papers
Probiotic supplementation during H. pylori antibiotic therapy may reduce overall side effect incidence compared to control (RR 0.735, 95% CI 0.598–0.902), though this benefit was only confirmed in non‑blinded trials.Human studies · Meta-analysisReported improvements with combinations
Combination findings are grouped by how the study compared them. This is not a recommendation to combine ingredients.
Combinations with reported improvement
The combination showed improvement, but each ingredient's contribution is unclear.
셀레늄Co-supplementation with probiotics and selenium resulted in significant improvements in mental health, hormonal profiles, and oxidative stress markers compared to placebo.