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Iron

Selected research topic

Cognition

The confirmed comparison studies tested several ingredients together. They cannot isolate the effect of this ingredient.

Publications for this topic
5
Human comparison publications
1
Publications needing review
1

Findings in the studies

  • attention

    • A better result than the comparison group was reported.

      Several ingredients were tested together, so this ingredient’s individual effect is unknown.

      General population · Combination study · 6 months
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
      Study population
      Human participants · General population
      Ingredients tested
      Ingredient combination
      How results were compared
      Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: Biofortified vs conventional pearl millet
      Additional measurement information
      Secondary outcome
      Measurement time
      6 months

  • memory

    Human comparison research
    • A better result than the comparison group was reported.

      Several ingredients were tested together, so this ingredient’s individual effect is unknown.

      General population · Combination study · 6 months
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
      Study population
      Human participants · General population
      Ingredients tested
      Ingredient combination
      How results were compared
      Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: Biofortified vs conventional pearl millet
      Additional measurement information
      Secondary outcome
      Measurement time
      6 months
    Research with unclear study subject or type
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Meta-analysis
      Study population
      Recorded population category: General population. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Study comparison: Pooled iron-supplementation findings across randomized trials; abstract does not name a specific com
      Additional measurement information
      Primary outcome
      Measurement time
      Not confirmed.

  • attention and concentration

    Research with unclear study subject or type
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Meta-analysis
      Study population
      Recorded population category: General population. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Study comparison: Pooled iron-supplementation findings across randomized trials; abstract does not name a specific com
      Additional measurement information
      Primary outcome
      Measurement time
      Not confirmed.

  • child neurodevelopment

    Research with unclear study subject or type
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Systematic review
      Study population
      Recorded population category: General population. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
      Ingredients tested
      Unknown intervention
      How results were compared
      Study comparison: Maternal iron-status association across heterogeneous studies; comparator groups not specified
      Additional measurement information
      Secondary outcome
      Measurement time
      pregnancy exposure with offspring follow-up, predominantly infancy
Other measured outcomes (4)

  • cognition

    Research with unclear study subject or type
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Systematic review
      Study population
      Recorded population category: General population. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
      Ingredients tested
      Unknown intervention
      How results were compared
      Study comparison: Maternal iron-status association across heterogeneous studies; comparator groups not specified
      Additional measurement information
      Secondary outcome
      Measurement time
      pregnancy exposure with offspring follow-up, predominantly infancy

  • intelligence

    Research with unclear study subject or type
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Meta-analysis
      Study population
      Recorded population category: General population. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Study comparison: Pooled iron-supplementation findings across randomized trials; abstract does not name a specific com
      Additional measurement information
      Primary outcome
      Measurement time
      Not confirmed.

  • school achievement

    Research with unclear study subject or type
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Meta-analysis
      Study population
      Recorded population category: General population. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
      Ingredients tested
      Single ingredient
      How results were compared
      Study comparison: Pooled iron-supplementation findings across randomized trials; abstract does not name a specific com
      Additional measurement information
      Secondary outcome
      Measurement time
      Not confirmed.

  • school performance

    Research with unclear study subject or type
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      varied across included studies
      Measurement and study conditions
      Study type
      Systematic review
      Study population
      Recorded population category: General population. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
      Ingredients tested
      Unknown intervention
      How results were compared
      Study comparison: Review of iron status associations and iron-containing interventions in adolescents; pooled direct c
      Additional measurement information
      Primary outcome
      Measurement time
      varied across included studies
Representative outcome and study details

Human studies reported between-group improvement in memory; while Studies with an unspecified organism reported a change with no confirmed comparison group in memory.

These conditions come from related studies and may not describe a single paper.

single- and combination-ingredient studies · Individual ingredient effects cannot be separated · Human studies · between-group comparison · comparator not confirmed

2 publications linked to this result

  • Study conditions differ; results are shown descriptively and are not pooled.
  • Combination, formula, or class studies do not isolate this ingredient or establish synergy.
Data coverage and detailed study classifications

Paper counts are separated by research topic below. One paper may contribute to multiple findings.

Analysis status: Public-ready

Ingredient analysis date:

How the grade was determined: B

The 63.6 evidence score includes 4 independent human studies and 4 clinical studies in the representative benefit area. The B tier remains conservative because of the evidence centers on contextual or measured outcomes rather than general-use effects, limited repetition across independent human clinical studies.

The grade is based mainly on the research area with the most evidence. It does not mean the same result was found in other areas.

Papers linked to this ingredient overall: 50

Papers linked to this topic 5 · distinct papers 5 · papers with a confirmed human comparison 1 · papers needing additional review 1

A publication may appear in more than one count. These numbers should not be added. Ingredient-wide papers, topic-linked papers, and sources in outcome groups use different scopes. Adding source counts may count the same paper more than once.

  • attention: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
  • attention and concentration: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • child neurodevelopment: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • cognition: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • intelligence: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • memory: Sources represented in this measurement group: 2 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
  • school achievement: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • school performance: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0

What the research found

attention

The study reported improvement in this measurement.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · General population

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

memory

The study reported improvement in this measurement.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · General population

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

attention and concentration

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

child neurodevelopment

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Review · Unknown intervention · General population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

cognition

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Review · Unknown intervention · General population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

intelligence

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

memory

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

school achievement

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

school performance

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Review · Unknown intervention · General population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Unspecified measured outcome

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

How to read research findings

How should I read research findings?

Research guides

Side effects and combination findings

Findings from this ingredient alone are shown separately from those involving another supplement or medication.

No combination cautions are available to show in the current data. This does not guarantee safety.

Side effects and combination studies

No side-effect or combination findings are available to show from the collected papers. This does not establish safety.