Improvement after a supplement is not the same as a comparative result
Start with the comparison. A before-and-after change alone cannot isolate the contribution of an ingredient.
Inositol
Selected research topic
Glucose and metabolic health
Findings differ across measurements or study conditions. The results below keep them separate.
Findings from a combination study cannot be attributed to this ingredient alone.
Animal and cell findings do not establish the same effect in people.
Some findings concern patients or people with a deficiency.
- Publications for this topic
- 30
- Human comparison publications
- 4
- Publications needing review
- 20
Findings in the studies
area under the plasma insulin curve
Publications linked to this measurement: 1
- No clear difference from the comparison group was found.Patient group · Single ingredient · Six to eight weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: D-chiro-inositol 1200 mg/day versus placebo; change difference was not significant (P=0.07)
- Additional measurement information
- Biomarker
- Measurement time
- Six to eight weeks
fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
Publications linked to this measurement: 1
- A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient · 12 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: Myo-inositol versus active comparator metformin.
- Additional measurement information
- Biomarker
- Measurement time
- 12 weeks
homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance
Publications linked to this measurement: 1
- A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient · 12 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: Myo-inositol versus active comparator metformin.
- Additional measurement information
- Biomarker
- Measurement time
- 12 weeks
Incidence of GDM
Publications linked to this measurement: 3
Human comparison research
- A better result than the comparison group was reported.General population · Separable contribution
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · General population
- Ingredients tested
- Separable contribution
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: Myo-inositol plus folic acid versus folic acid plus placebo
- Additional measurement information
- Primary outcome
- Measurement time
- From the end of the first trimester through pregnancy
- A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Separable contribution · until three weeks after delivery
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Separable contribution
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Between-group comparison
- Additional measurement information
- Primary outcome
- Measurement time
- until three weeks after delivery
Review of existing studies · population needs confirmation
- The study reported improvement in this measurement.Single ingredient · pregnancy; durations varied
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Recorded population category: General population. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: pooled myo-inositol versus control
- Additional measurement information
- Primary outcome
- Measurement time
- pregnancy; durations varied
Other measured outcomes (10)
quantitative insulin sensitivity check index
Publications linked to this measurement: 1
- A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient · 12 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: Myo-inositol versus active comparator metformin.
- Additional measurement information
- Biomarker
- Measurement time
- 12 weeks
serum insulin levels
Publications linked to this measurement: 1
- A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient · 12 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: Myo-inositol versus active comparator metformin.
- Additional measurement information
- Biomarker
- Measurement time
- 12 weeks
glycemic indices
Publications linked to this measurement: 1
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.Patient group · Single ingredient · 8 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Changes within the same group were compared. · Study comparison: MI group had the greatest reported within-group glycemic-index improvement (p<0.05); differences amo
- Measurement time
- 8 weeks
1-h-OGTT
Publications linked to this measurement: 1
Review of existing studies · population needs confirmation
- The study reported improvement in this measurement.Single ingredient · pregnancy; durations varied
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Recorded population category: General population. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: pooled myo-inositol versus control
- Additional measurement information
- Primary outcome
- Measurement time
- pregnancy; durations varied
2-h-OGTT levels
Publications linked to this measurement: 1
Review of existing studies · population needs confirmation
- The study reported improvement in this measurement.Single ingredient · pregnancy; durations varied
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Recorded population category: General population. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: pooled myo-inositol versus control
- Additional measurement information
- Primary outcome
- Measurement time
- pregnancy; durations varied
fasting plasma glucose
Publications linked to this measurement: 1
Review of existing studies · population needs confirmation
- A result was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Study subject not identified
- Ingredients tested
- Unknown intervention
- How results were compared
- Study comparison: treatment-arm reduction in the meta-analysis; between-group contrast not stated in this result sente
- Additional measurement information
- Primary outcome
- Measurement time
- Not confirmed.
FG-OGTT
Publications linked to this measurement: 1
Review of existing studies · population needs confirmation
- The study reported improvement in this measurement.Single ingredient · pregnancy; durations varied
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Recorded population category: General population. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: pooled myo-inositol versus control
- Additional measurement information
- Primary outcome
- Measurement time
- pregnancy; durations varied
Incidence of gestational diabetes
Publications linked to this measurement: 1
Review of existing studies · population needs confirmation
- The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Several ingredients were tested together, so this ingredient’s individual effect is unknown.
What the comparison group used was not confirmed.
Combination studyMeasurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Recorded population category: Patient group. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
- Ingredients tested
- Ingredient combination
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups.
- Measurement time
- Not confirmed.
Final body weight
Publications linked to this measurement: 1
Animal and cell research · indirect evidence
- A change was reported in animal or cell research.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Animal study · indirect
- Study population
- This is animal research. The specific characteristics of the subjects need further review.
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Comparison unclear
- Measurement time
- Not confirmed.
glucose
Publications linked to this measurement: 1
Research with unclear study subject or type
- The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Several ingredients were tested together, so this ingredient’s individual effect is unknown.
What the comparison group used was not confirmed.
Combination studyMeasurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Other evidence
- Study population
- Recorded population category: Patient group. Whether the research involved humans needs confirmation.
- Ingredients tested
- Ingredient combination
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups.
- Measurement time
- Not confirmed.
This result is held for interpretation. That does not mean research found no effect.
Outcome groups needing additional review (15)
- abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- area under the curve (AUC) of insulin values · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
- fasting insulin · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- GDM · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- HbA1c · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- HOMA-IR · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- insulin action · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- insulin response to OGTT · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- Insulin sensitivity · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
- insulin signaling pathway · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- insulin-sensitizing activities · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
- MASLD · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
- metabolic and hormonal state · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- metabolic measures · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
One paper can appear under multiple measured outcomes or review reasons, so these counts should not be added together.
Representative outcome and study details
Human studies reported between-group improvement in Incidence of GDM; while Studies with an unspecified organism reported between-group improvement in Incidence of GDM.
These conditions come from related studies and may not describe a single paper.
Single-ingredient studies · Human studies · Includes patient groups · between-group comparison
3 publications linked to this result
- Study conditions differ; results are shown descriptively and are not pooled.
Data coverage and detailed study classifications
Paper counts are separated by research topic below. One paper may contribute to multiple findings.
Analysis status: Public-ready
Ingredient analysis date:
How the grade was determined: B
The 54.3 evidence score includes 0 independent human studies and 0 clinical studies in the representative benefit area. The B tier remains conservative because of limited repetition across independent human clinical studies, too few clinical findings with an explicit effect direction.
The grade is based mainly on the research area with the most evidence. It does not mean the same result was found in other areas.
Papers linked to this ingredient overall: 101
Papers linked to this topic 30 · distinct papers 30 · papers with a confirmed human comparison 4 · papers needing additional review 20
A publication may appear in more than one count. These numbers should not be added. Ingredient-wide papers, topic-linked papers, and sources in outcome groups use different scopes. Adding source counts may count the same paper more than once.
- 1-h-OGTT: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- 2-h-OGTT levels: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- area under the curve (AUC) of insulin values: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- area under the plasma insulin curve: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- fasting insulin: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- fasting plasma glucose: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- fasting plasma glucose (FPG): Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- FG-OGTT: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- Final body weight: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- GDM: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- glucose: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- glycemic indices: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- HbA1c: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- HOMA-IR: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- Incidence of GDM: Sources represented in this measurement group: 3 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 2
- Incidence of gestational diabetes: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- insulin action: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- insulin response to OGTT: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- Insulin sensitivity: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- insulin signaling pathway: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- insulin-sensitizing activities: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- MASLD: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- metabolic and hormonal state: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- metabolic measures: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- serum insulin levels: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
What the research found
area under the plasma insulin curve
No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
glycemic indices
A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Incidence of GDM
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Separable contribution · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
incidence of GDM
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Separable contribution · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
quantitative insulin sensitivity check index
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
serum insulin levels
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
1-h-OGTT
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
2-h-OGTT levels
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
FG-OGTT
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
glucose
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Other evidence · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
incidence of GDM
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Incidence of gestational diabetes
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
fasting plasma glucose
A result was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Final body weight
A change was reported in animal or cell research.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Separable contribution · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
area under the curve (AUC) of insulin values
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
fasting insulin
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
GDM
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HbA1c
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HOMA-IR
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin action
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin response to OGTT
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Observational study · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Insulin sensitivity
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin signaling pathway
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Cell study · indirect · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin-sensitizing activities
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
MASLD
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
metabolic and hormonal state
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
metabolic measures
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled human study · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Observational study · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
2 papers · 2 measured outcomes
2 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
How to read research findings
How should I read research findings?
Research guidesNo clear difference and an uninterpretable result are different
A reported null comparison contains a result. An abstract without an interpretable comparison leaves a question unresolved.
Paper counts and study counts are different
Count original research separately from research that reanalyzes it. Publication volume is neither replication nor a quality rating.
Side effects and combination findings
Findings from this ingredient alone are shown separately from those involving another supplement or medication.
No reviewed caution rules are available yet. Reported caution findings are shown below.
Review 1 combination findings and 0 findings that outperformed an ingredient alone.
Findings to review with care
Side effects reported for the ingredient alone are separated from findings involving another supplement or medication.
Side effects reported with this ingredient alone
Symptoms or adverse events reported in studies without another active ingredient.
serum testosterone levels1 papers
In young adult female mice, DCIns at 5 mg/day increased serum testosterone and altered ovarian histology, while 10–20 mg/day reduced testosterone and caused age‑like ovarian lesions, indicating potential toxicity at higher doses.Animal studies · Animal studyReported improvements with combinations
Combination findings are grouped by how the study compared them. This is not a recommendation to combine ingredients.
Combinations with reported improvement
The combination showed improvement, but each ingredient's contribution is unclear.
SeleniumCombined administration of myo-inositol and selenium significantly decreased TSH, TPOAb, and TgAb levels and enhanced thyroid hormones compared to baseline.