Improvement after a supplement is not the same as a comparative result
Start with the comparison. A before-and-after change alone cannot isolate the contribution of an ingredient.
HMB
Selected research topic
Exercise performance
Findings differ across measurements or study conditions. The results below keep them separate.
Findings from a combination study cannot be attributed to this ingredient alone.
Some findings concern patients or people with a deficiency.
- Publications for this topic
- 17
- Human comparison publications
- 5
- Publications needing review
- 9
Findings in the studies
3-repetition maximum isoinertial strength
- No clear difference from the comparison group was found.General population · Single ingredient · 3 and 6 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · General population
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: HMB versus placebo during resistance training
- Additional measurement information
- Primary outcome
- Measurement time
- 3 and 6 weeks
aerobic power achieved at W8
- A better result than the comparison group was reported.
Several ingredients were tested together, so this ingredient’s individual effect is unknown.
General population · Combination study · 10 weeksMeasurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · General population
- Ingredients tested
- Ingredient combination
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: CrM plus HMB versus placebo, CrM alone, or HMB alone; higher aerobic power at 8 mmol/L lactate
- Additional measurement information
- Primary outcome
- Measurement time
- 10 weeks
Outcome needs clarification
About this measure
Original outcome name: MQ
- No clear difference from the comparison group was found.Patient group · Single ingredient · 12 weeks.
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups. · Study comparison: HMB supplementation did not significantly interact with resistance training on muscle quality; the s
- Additional measurement information
- Primary outcome
- Measurement time
- 12 weeks.
muscle mass
- No clear difference from the comparison group was found.
Several ingredients were tested together, so this ingredient’s individual effect is unknown.
What the comparison group used was not confirmed.
Patient group · Combination studyMeasurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Ingredient combination
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups.
- Measurement time
- Not confirmed.
Other measured outcomes (4)
muscular strength
- No clear difference from the comparison group was found.
What the comparison group used was not confirmed.
Single ingredientMeasurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Participant characteristics were not confirmed.
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- How results were compared
- Results were compared between groups.
- Measurement time
- Not confirmed.
grip strength
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Patient group · Separable contribution
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · Patient group
- Ingredients tested
- Separable contribution
- Measurement time
- Not confirmed.
MPS response
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.General population · Separable contribution · fasted to 3-hour fed state
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Randomized controlled trial: subjects were randomly assigned to groups for comparison.
- Study population
- Human participants · General population
- Ingredients tested
- Separable contribution
- How results were compared
- Changes within the same group were compared. · Study comparison: whey plus calcium-HMB versus whey alone in within-subject crossover
- Additional measurement information
- Mechanistic outcome
- Measurement time
- fasted to 3-hour fed state
Endurance performance
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Study type
- Meta-analysis
- Study population
- Study subject not identified
- Ingredients tested
- Single ingredient
- Measurement time
- Not confirmed.
This result is held for interpretation. That does not mean research found no effect.
Outcome groups needing additional review (5)
- changes in strength · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- exercise induced skeletal muscle damage · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- knee extensor peak torque · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- muscular strength and endurance · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- physical performance · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
One paper can appear under multiple measured outcomes or review reasons, so these counts should not be added together.
Representative outcome and study details
Human studies reported no clear between-group difference in 3-repetition maximum isoinertial strength.
Single-ingredient studies · Human studies · between-group comparison
1 publications linked to this result
- Route, form, dose, or population details are incomplete, so the findings cannot be confirmed as directly comparable.
Data coverage and detailed study classifications
Paper counts are separated by research topic below. One paper may contribute to multiple findings.
Analysis status: Limited data
Ingredient analysis date:
How the grade was determined: C
The 29.2 evidence score includes 9 independent human studies and 8 clinical studies in the representative benefit area. The C tier remains conservative because of limited repetition across independent human clinical studies.
The grade is based mainly on the research area with the most evidence. It does not mean the same result was found in other areas.
Papers linked to this ingredient overall: 72
Papers linked to this topic 17 · distinct papers 17 · papers with a confirmed human comparison 5 · papers needing additional review 9
A publication may appear in more than one count. These numbers should not be added. Ingredient-wide papers, topic-linked papers, and sources in outcome groups use different scopes. Adding source counts may count the same paper more than once.
- 3-repetition maximum isoinertial strength: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- aerobic power achieved at W8: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- changes in strength: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- Endurance performance: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- exercise induced skeletal muscle damage: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- grip strength: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- knee extensor peak torque: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- MPS response: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- MQ: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- muscle mass: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- muscular strength: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- muscular strength and endurance: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- physical performance: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
What the research found
3-repetition maximum isoinertial strength
No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
MQ
No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
muscle mass
No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
muscular strength
No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
aerobic power achieved at W8
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · General population
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
MPS response
A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.
Controlled study in people · Separable contribution · General population
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Endurance performance
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
grip strength
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Controlled study in people · Separable contribution · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
changes in strength
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Single ingredient · General population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
exercise induced skeletal muscle damage
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Single ingredient · General population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
knee extensor peak torque
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · General population
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
muscular strength and endurance
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
physical performance
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Separable contribution · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Ingredient combination · Unspecified population
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
How to read research findings
How should I read research findings?
Research guidesNo clear difference and an uninterpretable result are different
A reported null comparison contains a result. An abstract without an interpretable comparison leaves a question unresolved.
Paper counts and study counts are different
Count original research separately from research that reanalyzes it. Publication volume is neither replication nor a quality rating.
Side effects and combination findings
Findings from this ingredient alone are shown separately from those involving another supplement or medication.
No combination cautions are available to show in the current data. This does not guarantee safety.
Review 1 combination findings and 0 findings that outperformed an ingredient alone.
Reported improvements with combinations
Combination findings are grouped by how the study compared them. This is not a recommendation to combine ingredients.
Combinations with reported improvement
The combination showed improvement, but each ingredient's contribution is unclear.
크레아틴Combined supplementation of HMB and Creatine monohydrate showed a synergistic effect on aerobic power at W8, W4, and WAT compared to the sum of effects from single supplements.