Improvement after a supplement is not the same as a comparative result
Start with the comparison. A before-and-after change alone cannot isolate the contribution of an ingredient.
Berberine
Blood lipids
Partial research summary
Human studies reported both between-group improvement and a change with no confirmed comparison group for LDL cholesterol.
combination-ingredient studies · Individual ingredient effects cannot be separated · Human studies · Includes patient groups · between-group comparison · comparator not confirmed
Publications for this result: 6 (1 awaiting review included)
Other outcomes and study details
Distinct publications linked to this topic: 23
- Study conditions differ; results are shown descriptively and are not pooled.
- Combination, formula, or class studies do not isolate this ingredient or establish synergy.
- Some publications have not cleared source or interpretation review.
- Some papers could not be reviewed, so this summary covers only findings that could be confirmed.
What has been studied?
Distinct human comparison papers: 6
Some studies tested several ingredients together. Those results cannot show this ingredient’s separate effect or establish synergy.
cholesterol
Animal and cell research · indirect evidence
- A change was reported in animal or cell research.General population · Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Animal study · indirect
- Controlled trial
- Single ingredient
- General population
- Biomarker
- Comparison unclear
- Animal or cell research
- Timepoint: from 21 days before expected kidding to 21 days after parturition
- Study comparison: 2 and 4 g/day berberine groups versus control
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.General population · Single ingredient · varied across included trials
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- General population
- Biomarker
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: varied across included trials
- Study comparison: Pooled adult RCT estimate; comparator not reported in the abstract
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Patient group · Single ingredient · Unspecified across trials.
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Timepoint: Unspecified across trials.
- Study comparison: Pooled review/meta-analysis result as reported; abstract result sentence does not identify the compa
LDL
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Patient group · Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Biomarker
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: Qualitative review conclusion; no endpoint-specific comparator or estimate is specified in the concl
Other measured outcomes (15)
LDL cholesterol
Human comparison research
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Combination study
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Ingredient combination
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Combination study · 12 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Ingredient combination
- Patient group
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 12 weeks
- Study comparison: Armolipid Plus multi-ingredient product plus dietary recommendations versus placebo plus dietary rec
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Combination study · 3 months at trial end
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Ingredient combination
- Patient group
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 3 months at trial end
- Study comparison: 3 g/day BVFE versus placebo
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Combination study · 8 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Ingredient combination
- Patient group
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 8 weeks
- Study comparison: 10 g/day dried purple-black barberry versus placebo for 8 weeks
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Patient group · Combination study
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Ingredient combination
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
LDL-cholesterol
Animal and cell research · indirect evidence
- A change was reported in animal or cell research.Single ingredient · 8 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Animal study · indirect
- Controlled trial
- Single ingredient
- Unspecified population
- Secondary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Animal or cell research
- Timepoint: 8 weeks
- Study comparison: Berberine-supplemented high-lipid diet versus high-lipid control diet
low-density lipoprotein
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.General population · Single ingredient · varied across included trials
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- General population
- Biomarker
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: varied across included trials
- Study comparison: Pooled adult RCT estimate; comparator not reported in the abstract
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Patient group · Single ingredient · Unspecified across trials.
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Timepoint: Unspecified across trials.
- Study comparison: Pooled review/meta-analysis result as reported; abstract result sentence does not identify the compa
non-HDL-C
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Combination study · 8 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Ingredient combination
- Patient group
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 8 weeks
- Study comparison: 10 g/day dried purple-black barberry versus placebo for 8 weeks
plasma total cholesterol
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.Patient group · Combination study · 2 months
Measurement and study conditions
- Other evidence
- Clinical trial
- Ingredient combination
- Patient group
- Secondary outcome
- Within-group comparison
- Timepoint: 2 months
- Study comparison: Within-participant lipid change after artichoke extract plus berberine nutraceutical and standardize
postprandial total cholesterol
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Patient group · Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled study; organism not specified
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
sd-LDL-C
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Combination study · 8 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Ingredient combination
- Patient group
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 8 weeks
- Study comparison: 10 g/day dried purple-black barberry versus placebo for 8 weeks
serum TAG
Animal and cell research · indirect evidence
- A change was reported in animal or cell research.Single ingredient · 8 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Animal study · indirect
- Controlled trial
- Single ingredient
- Unspecified population
- Secondary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Animal or cell research
- Timepoint: 8 weeks
- Study comparison: Berberine-supplemented high-lipid diet versus high-lipid control diet
TC
Human comparison research
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Combination study · 3 months at trial end
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Ingredient combination
- Patient group
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 3 months at trial end
- Study comparison: 3 g/day BVFE versus placebo
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Combination study · 8 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Ingredient combination
- Patient group
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 8 weeks
- Study comparison: 10 g/day dried purple-black barberry versus placebo for 8 weeks
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Patient group · Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Biomarker
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: Qualitative review conclusion; no endpoint-specific comparator or estimate is specified in the concl
TC/HDL-C
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Combination study · 8 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Ingredient combination
- Patient group
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 8 weeks
- Study comparison: 10 g/day dried purple-black barberry versus placebo for 8 weeks
TG
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Combination study · 8 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Ingredient combination
- Patient group
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 8 weeks
- Study comparison: 10 g/day dried purple-black barberry versus placebo for 8 weeks
Total Cholesterol
Human comparison research
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Combination study
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Ingredient combination
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Patient group · Single ingredient · Unspecified across trials.
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Timepoint: Unspecified across trials.
- Study comparison: Pooled review/meta-analysis result as reported; abstract result sentence does not identify the compa
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.General population · Single ingredient · varied across included trials
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- General population
- Biomarker
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: varied across included trials
- Study comparison: Pooled adult RCT estimate; comparator not reported in the abstract
triglyceride
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.General population · Single ingredient · varied across included trials
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- General population
- Biomarker
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: varied across included trials
- Study comparison: Pooled adult RCT estimate; comparator not reported in the abstract
triglycerides
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Patient group · Single ingredient · Unspecified across trials.
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Timepoint: Unspecified across trials.
- Study comparison: Pooled review/meta-analysis result as reported; abstract result sentence does not identify the compa
This result is held for interpretation. That does not mean research found no effect.
Outcome groups needing additional review (5)
- cholesterol-lowering · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
- HDL · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
- HDL-C · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- high density lipoprotein · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- plasma LDL cholesterol · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
One paper can appear under multiple measured outcomes or review reasons, so these counts should not be added together.
Research topics to explore
Research topics to explore
Review findings reported in each research area.
Topics with more linked papers appear first.
- View results
Glucose and metabolic health
Related papers 29 · human comparison papers 4
- FPG · Improvement reported · Some studies included patients or people with a deficiency
- glucose · Improvement reported · Some studies used more than one ingredient · Some studies included patients or people with a deficiency
More outcome groups: 24
- View selected result
Blood lipids
Related papers 23 · human comparison papers 6
- View results
Stress and mood
Related papers 3 · comparison findings need further review
- anxiety-like behaviors · Interpretation held
- depression-like behaviors · Interpretation held
More outcome groups: 1
- View results
Blood pressure and vascular health
Related papers 2 · comparison findings need further review
- systolic blood pressure · Some studies included patients or people with a deficiency · Comparison details unconfirmed
- View results
Digestion and gut health
Related papers 2 · comparison findings need further review
- View results
Immune and respiratory health
Related papers 2 · comparison findings need further review
- Inflammation · Interpretation held
- inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production · Interpretation held
- View results
Cognition
Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review
- memory-improving activities · Some studies included patients or people with a deficiency · Comparison details unconfirmed
- View results
Women's health
Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review
- PCOS · Interpretation held
Data coverage and detailed study classifications
Paper counts are separated by research topic below. One paper may contribute to multiple findings.
Analysis status: Public-ready
Ingredient analysis date:
How the grade was determined: B
The 58.4 evidence score includes 0 independent human studies and 0 clinical studies in the representative benefit area. The B tier remains conservative because of limited repetition across independent human clinical studies, too few clinical findings with an explicit effect direction.
The grade is based mainly on the research area with the most evidence. It does not mean the same result was found in other areas.
Papers linked to this ingredient overall: 117
Papers linked to this topic 23 · distinct papers 23 · papers with a confirmed human comparison 6 · papers needing additional review 11
Ingredient-wide papers, topic-linked papers, and sources in outcome groups use different scopes. Adding source counts may count the same paper more than once.
- cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- cholesterol-lowering: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- HDL: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- HDL-C: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- high density lipoprotein: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- high-density lipoprotein (HDL): Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- LDL: Sources represented in this measurement group: 2 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- LDL cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 6 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 4
- LDL-cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- low-density lipoprotein: Sources represented in this measurement group: 2 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- non-HDL-C: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- plasma LDL cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- plasma total cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- postprandial total cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- sd-LDL-C: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- serum TAG: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- TC: Sources represented in this measurement group: 6 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 2
- TC/HDL-C: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- TG: Sources represented in this measurement group: 4 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- Total Cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 5 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 2
- triglyceride: Sources represented in this measurement group: 2 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- triglycerides: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
Glucose and metabolic health
What the research found
FPG
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
glucose
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HbA1c level
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
weight gain
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
glycaemic control
Results for this measurement were mixed; no consistent conclusion can be drawn.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
body mass index
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
body weight
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
fasting blood glucose (FBG)
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HbA1c
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HOMA-IR
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Obesity
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
type Ⅱ diabetes
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Waist circumference
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
waist circumference (WC)
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
weight
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
2hPG
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Blood glucose
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Ingredient combination · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
blood glucose levels
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · General population
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
blood glucose levels
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
fasting blood glucose levels
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
FBG
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
FPG
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
glucose-lowering efficacy
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Ingredient combination · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
glycated haemoglobin
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
glycated haemoglobin
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HbA1c
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HOMA
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Single ingredient · Patient group
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin resistance
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin resistance
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Ingredient combination · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 2 measured outcomes
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
2 papers · 2 measured outcomes
2 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Blood lipids
What the research found
LDL cholesterol
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
LDL-c
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
LDL-c
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
LDL-C
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
non-HDL-C
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
sd-LDL-C
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
TC
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
TC
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
TC/HDL-C
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
TG
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Total Cholesterol
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Total cholesterol
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
plasma total cholesterol
A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.
Other evidence · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
LDL
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
LDL-C
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
low-density lipoprotein
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
postprandial total cholesterol
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Controlled human study · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
TC
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
total cholesterol
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
total cholesterol
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
triglyceride
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
triglycerides
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
cholesterol
A change was reported in animal or cell research.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · General population
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
LDL-cholesterol
A change was reported in animal or cell research.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
serum TAG
A change was reported in animal or cell research.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
cholesterol-lowering
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HDL
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HDL-C
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
high density lipoprotein
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
LDL
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
LDL-C
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
low-density lipoprotein
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
plasma LDL cholesterol
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
TC
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
TC
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
TC
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
TG
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
TG
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
TG
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
total cholesterol
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
total cholesterol
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
triglyceride
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
triglyceride
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Ingredient combination · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
2 papers · 2 measured outcomes
2 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Stress and mood
What the research found
anxiety-like behaviors
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
depression-like behaviors
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
NF-κB/MAPK/PI3K-Akt/AMPK/ERS and oxidative stress pathways
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Blood pressure and vascular health
What the research found
systolic blood pressure
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Review · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Digestion and gut health
What the research found
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Immune and respiratory health
What the research found
Inflammation
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Cognition
What the research found
memory-improving activities
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Review · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Women's health
What the research found
PCOS
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
How to read research findings
How should I read research findings?
Research guidesNo clear difference and an uninterpretable result are different
A reported null comparison contains a result. An abstract without an interpretable comparison leaves a question unresolved.
Paper counts and study counts are different
Count original research separately from research that reanalyzes it. Publication volume is neither replication nor a quality rating.
Side effects and combination findings
Findings from this ingredient alone are shown separately from those involving another supplement or medication.
Caution findings
2
Findings from individual and combined use, plus reviewed cautions
Key precautions
No reviewed caution rules are available yet. Reported caution findings are shown below.
These findings were reported in studies. They do not predict an individual's experience.
Findings to review with care
Side effects reported for the ingredient alone are separated from findings involving another supplement or medication.
Side effects reported with this ingredient alone
Symptoms or adverse events reported in studies without another active ingredient.
Gastrointestinal side effects1 papers
Berberine treatment induced gastrointestinal side effects in the trial.Human studies · Randomized controlled trialliver fat content (MRI-PDFF)1 papers
In a 100‑subject, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled RCT, 2000 mg/day of berberine ursodeoxycholate significantly reduced liver fat content (−4.8% vs −2.0%, p = 0.011) and improved glycemic control, with mild diarrhea and abdominal discomfort as adverse events.Human studies · Randomized controlled trial