biotech

Bio-Analyst

Research Platform
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Tier-CPublic-ready7/6/2026

Ginkgo

Cognition, memory, and focus is the main area connected here, and any felt benefit should be read together with the human evidence base.

The 56.5 score includes research signals from patient or disease contexts. General supplement evidence is not repeated enough, so the C tier remains conservative.

Representative tier calculated from paper evidence that passed the collection audit.

Papers analyzed
115
Caution signal
Low
Context-specific research signal
56.5
Cognition, memory, and focusHeart and cardiovascular outcomesExercise performance and recovery

Main benefit evidence

The representative ingredient tier is calculated from these target-level evidence groups.

Cognition and focus
2 studiesTier-C
Cognition, memory, and focus
Fairly consistent positive signal in studiesFelt benefit focusPatient-group study

Potential benefit studied in Cognition and focus. These findings come from a defined study population, so everyday effects may differ.

Evidence score
48.7
Study context
Patient-group study

This score reflects the strength of this benefit group. The ingredient tier also considers paper count, repetition, population, and study context.

Cardiovascular outcomes
1 studiesTier-C
Heart and cardiovascular outcomes
Some positive signal observedFelt benefit focusPatient-group study

Potential benefit studied in Cardiovascular outcomes. These findings come from a defined study population, so everyday effects may differ.

Evidence score
44.0
Study context
Patient-group study

This score reflects the strength of this benefit group. The ingredient tier also considers paper count, repetition, population, and study context.

Exercise performance and recovery
1 studiesTier-C
Exercise performance and recovery
Signal is still limitedFelt benefit focusPatient-group study

Potential benefit studied in Exercise performance and recovery. These findings come from a defined study population, so everyday effects may differ.

Evidence score
13.0
Study context
Patient-group study

This score reflects the strength of this benefit group. The ingredient tier also considers paper count, repetition, population, and study context.

Recent research

Updated This Month10 new papers

Observed range in repeated studies

This range includes studies in specific patient groups. It is not a general dose or recommendation.

Lower observed study value
40
mg/day
Higher observed study value
360
mg/day
Only ranges repeated in human, oral, single-ingredient studies are shown.
Not personal dosing instructions, recommendations, or safety limits.

Side effects and combination findings in studies

Findings from studies of this ingredient alone are separated from findings involving another supplement or medication.

Caution index
0.8
Caution band: Low
Caution signals
11
Side effects + combos + curated rules
Key precautions
No curated contraindication rule is available yet, but literature caution signals are shown below.
These are signals reported in studies. They do not predict what will happen to an individual.

Findings to review with care

Side effects reported for the ingredient alone are separated from findings involving another supplement or medication.

Side effects reported when this ingredient was used alone

Symptoms or adverse events reported in studies of this ingredient without another active ingredient.

ginkgolic acid toxicity1 papers
The review identifies ginkgolic acids in Ginkgo biloba leaf extract as the primary source of adverse effects including embryotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and neurotoxicity based on in vitro trials.Cell studies · Systematic review
Toxicity of endotoxins and ginkgolic acids1 papers
The review identifies endotoxins and ginkgolic acids as dominating toxic ingredients in different parts of Ginkgo biloba.Human studies · Systematic review
Toxicity1 papers
Long-term use or high doses of Ginkgo biloba have resulted in adverse effects, and severe drug interactions are reported.Human studies · Systematic review
nephrotoxicity1 papers
A limited number of studies indicate that Ginkgolic acids may exhibit nephrotoxicity.Cell studies · Systematic review
Adverse effect signal1 papers
The review mentions that Ginkgolic acids can induce significant hepatic damage by promoting cellular apoptosis, oxidative stress, and disruption of metabolic processes.Human studies · Study type not identified
Adverse effect signal1 papers
A limited number of studies are cited indicating that Ginkgolic acids may exhibit nephrotoxicity.Human studies · Study type not identified
Adverse effect signal1 papers
The review notes that Ginkgolic acids may cause adverse effects on the skin and nervous system.Human studies · Study type not identified
Side Effect Rating Scale1 papers
A very low rate of mild adverse effects was observed in children with ADHD treated with Ginkgo biloba extract, indicating a favorable safety profile in this small pilot study.Human studies · Observational study

Caution signals when used with another supplement or medication

These studies reported a negative change, reduced absorption, or another caution when substances were used together. They do not predict an individual outcome.

CilostazolCoadministration of Ginkgo biloba with cilostazol significantly potentiated the prolongation of bleeding time compared to individual doses.
ClopidogrelCoadministration of Ginkgo biloba with clopidogrel did not significantly enhance antiplatelet activity or bleeding time compared to individual agents.
Bleeding timeIn a randomized crossover study of 10 healthy volunteers, coadministration of Ginkgo biloba (120 mg) with cilostazol significantly potentiated the prolongation of bleeding time (P < 0.05) compared to individual agents, without significantly enhancing antiplatelet activity.

Evidence summaries

Paper IDs and full lists are private. Only study types and summaries are shown.

Key Evidence #1
Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 396
unknown

It is reported that EGb 761 and one of its components, ginkgolide A, alleviates Aβ-induced pathological behaviors, including paralysis, and reduces chemotaxis behavior and 5-HT hypersensitivity in a transgenic C. elegans.

Key Evidence #2
Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 310
observational

This study is the first to report that ginkgetin derived from Ginkgo biloba leaves promotes DDP-induced anticancer effects, which can be due to the induction of ferroptosis.

Key Evidence #3
Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 161
review

This review summarizes the reported chemical constituents from GBL or Ginkgo biloba extract to date, as well as the recent advances in the extraction, purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis methods (from 2015 to 2020).

3 more summariesLimited representative sample by study type.
>
Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 159
rct

[Abstract]: For effective treatment of vitiligo, it is as important to arrest the progression of the disease as it is to induce repigmentation. Recently, oxidative stress has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Ginkgo biloba e

Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 156
review

The therapeutic applications of G. biloba are described and the chemical constituents, toxicity, adverse effect, synergistic effect, and the clinical studies of this plant which have been utilized for therapeutic benefits but have demonstrated other consequenc

Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 152
observational

[Abstract]: Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions of Ginkgo biloba leaves polysaccharide (GBLP). The optimum extraction conditions for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of GBLP were obtained as l

Ginkgo
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